Kazakhstan has initiated arbitration proceedings against businesses working on its massive Kashagan and Karachaganak oilfields, which have accumulated deducted expenses of over US$13 billion and US$3.5 billion, respectively. The offshore Kashagan field is being developed by Eni, Shell, TotalEnergies, ExxonMobil, Kaz Munay Gas, Inpex, and CNPC.
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